Lead sulfide nanoparticle dots (QDs) represent a fascinating class of materials with exceptional optoelectronic properties due to their unique size-dependent band gap. These QDs exhibit tunable absorption and emission spectra in the visible region, making them highly desirable for a wide range of applications. This review delves into the diverse f

Nanoparticles possess unique optical properties that have sparked widespread interest in their application for diverse technological domains. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), a particular class of nanomaterials, exhibit the remarkable ability to convert near-infrared light into visible light. This phenomenon has opened vast possibilities in bioi